FSCalc

Contents of This Page

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1. Entering Equations and Expressions
2. Reviewing the History
3. Saving Your Work
4. Clearing the Calculator
5. Arithmetic Examples
6. Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory
7. Conversion Example
8. Statistical Example
9. Financial Examples
10. Operator and Function Tables

FSCalc is a scientific, engineering, and financial calculator. The calculator includes functions for statistics, metric conversions and physical properties and constants.

Note: When using FSCalc, the PAC Mate Omni speaks and displays results one line at a time. For example, when you press ENTER (DOT 8) to calculate a mathematical operation, your PAC Mate Omni speaks and displays the result. FSCalc clears the previous value that appeared on the line and replaces it with the new result.

To review the history of how you derived the result, use the UP ARROW key to scroll backwards to previous lines, and use the DOWN ARROW key to scroll forward and return to the current line. If you are using a refreshable braille display, you can pan left and right within a line using the display’s Whiz Wheels®. However, you cannot use the Whiz Wheels to pan from one line to another or for Sentence mode or Paragraph mode.

Entering Equations and Expressions

You can choose to enter an equation or expression using the menu (F2) or by typing it with the keyboard. In either case, you must enter variables, operators, and functions in Computer Braille. Anytime you solve an equation or expression, you must follow conventional math rules such as the order of operations.

• Parenthesis and Brackets - Simplify the inside of parenthesis and brackets before you deal with the exponent (if any) of the parenthesis or remove the parenthesis.
• Exponents - Simplify the exponent of a number or of a parenthesis before you multiply, divide, add, or subtract it.
• Multiplication and Division - Simplify multiplication and division in the order they appear from left to right.
• Addition and Subtraction - Simplify addition and subtraction in the order they appear from left to right.

Variables can be any combination of letters (a-z) and digits (0-9). Standard operations are entered in the form a+b, with no spaces. For example, x=7, y=9, x+y, f+10.

Operators modify the value stored in a variable.

Expressions are any combinations of numbers, variables, operators and functions.

Functions consist of a name followed by a comma-separated list of arguments enclosed in parentheses. If you choose to type the function instead of selecting it from the menus, be sure that you type it without spaces.

Once you have entered the equation or expression, press DOT 8 for the result.

If you select a function from the Functions Menu, anything selected on the current line is treated as an argument, i.e., placed in parentheses.

When you press DOT 8 to calculate an operation, the PAC Mate Omni speaks and selects the result. If you type a new number or entry, it replaces the result with the new entry. If you type an operator, the result becomes part of the new operation and the insertion point is placed at the end of the operation, ready for you to finish your calculation.

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Reviewing the History

Once you have entered a calculation(s) you can sequentially review the steps taken or the equations entered by pressing the UP ARROW to move backward or DOWN ARROW to move forward.

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Saving Your Work

At anytime, while working through a calculation, you can save your work as a .txt file. Press SH CHORD, S or DOTS 1-4-6 CHORD, S to save the file in the current folder with the current name in the current location or open the File Menu and select Save As. Type a new file name, use DOTS 4-5 CHORD to move to the Folder combo box, and press the down arrow to select a folder. Press DOTS 4-5 CHORD again to move to the Location combo box and press the down arrow to select a location.

To reopen the saved file, press SH CHORD, O or DOTS 1-4-6 CHORD, O.

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Clearing the Calculator

With FSCalc you can clear three items in the calculator: clear current line (0 CHORD or DOTS 3-5-6 CHORD), clear the history (SH CHORD, H or DOTS 1-4-6 CHORD, H), or clear the variables (SH CHORD, C or DOTS 1-4-6 CHORD, V). You can find these three items in the Edit Menu as well.

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Arithmetic Examples

Algebra Question: Simplify the following expression 2+(3-1)*3^2.

1. Following the order of operations, simplify the term inside the parenthesis first. In the edit window of FSCalc, type in computer Braille 3-1, then press DOT 8.
2. Next, type p w r ( 3,2 ) or press F2, F, DOT 8 to open the Functions Menu, then press DOT 8 on the Trig submenu and select Pwr. Pwr(2) will show automatically in the edit window so all you need to type is 3,. When you are done, press DOT 8.
3. The next order of operations to solve for is the answer from step 2 multiplied by the answer from step 1, which is (2)*9. To do this, press DOTS 1-6 and type the answer "2." (If you cannot remember the answer from step 1, you can use UP ARROW to review each step taken in this expression. Use the DOWN ARROW to move to the last answer, which was 9.) When you are done, press DOT 8.
4. The last step to simplifying this expression is to add 2 to18. Press DOTS 3-4-6 so expression now becomes 18+ and type DOTS 2-3, DOT 8. (Answer = 20)
5. Review the calculations for any errors by pressing the UP ARROW.
6. Press F2, F, DOT 8 and choose Save As to name and save this calculation as a .txt file.
7. Press SH CHORD, H to clear the history.

Arithmetic Question: You are shopping for a new desktop computer and have found one for $875.00. The computer store salesman tells you that the special going on is 35% off all computers storewide. How much is the computer you picked out?

1. In the edit window type 875*35% in computer Braille.
2. When you are done press DOT 8.
3. Now, subtract $306.25 from $875.00 (Answer = $568.75)

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Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory

FSCalc supports up to 32 non-volatile, or permanent, memory locations and 200 volatile, or erasable, memory locations.

The following applies to FSCalc's non-volatile memory:

• Non-volatile memory locations are labeled as m00 through m31.
• To assign a value to a specific memory location, type the memory location and give it a value. For example, to assign m00 a value of 10, type m00=10 and press DOT 8. The value 10 appears.
• To recall a value, enter the memory location and press DOT 8. The memory location's value appears. For example, if you type m00 and press DOT 8, the value 10 appears.
• To use a memory location, just insert it into an equation. For example, type 20+m00 and press DOT 8, the value 30 appears.
• FSCalc always saves the result of the last calculation under the variable name LR. For example, the result of the last calculation (20+m00) is 30. If you type 10+lr and press DOT 8, the result is 40, which is also the new value of lr.
• Since non-volatile memory is retained when the PAC Mate Omni is turned off, use the clear permanent memory function to erase all non-volatile memory locations. For example, from the General menu, select the Memory submenu, and then select ClearPermMem. Press DOT 8 and when asked if you want to clear the permanent memory locations, select OK. All non-volatile memory locations now have the value of 0.
• You can also use the Clear All Memory function to erase all non-volatile and volatile memory locations.

The following applies to FSCalc's volatile memory locations.

• FSCalc has 200 volatile memory locations. An error message appears if you try to exceed this limit.
• Memory location names, or variables, are user defined, and must begin with a letter followed by any combination of letters and numbers. Examples of valid names are B, ab123, x, train1, and so on.
• Memory location names are not case sensitive. Therefore, train1, TRAIN1, and trAin1 are valid names that refer to the same memory location.
• To assign a memory location a value, type the memory location and give it a value. For example, type train1=47 and press DOT 8. The variable train1 is 47.
• To recall a value, enter the memory location and press DOT 8. The memory location's value appears. For example, if you type train1 and press DOT 8, the value 47 appears.
• To use a memory location, just insert it into the equation. For example, type 3+train1 and press DOT 8. The value 50 appears.
• To clear volatile memory locations, use the clear volatile memory function. For example, from the General menu, select the Memory submenu, and then select ClearVolatMem. Press DOT 8 and when asked if you want to clear the volatile memory locations, select OK.
• FSCalc always saves the result of the last calculation under the variable name LR. For example, the result of the last calculation (3+train1) is 50. If you type 10+lr and press DOT 8, the result is 60, which is also the new value of lr.
• Volatile memory locations are not permanent and are erased when FSCalc is closed.

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Conversion Example

Conversion Question: The winter of 2002-2003 is reputed to be one of the coldest winters on record. To substantiate this your friends from Syracuse, New York call to tell you that the temperature outside is -25 degrees Celsius and the wind is blowing at 10 miles per hour. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit and the wind chill factor?

1. Press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu select and press DOT 8 on Conversions. In the submenu select and press DOT 8 on Celsius to Fahrenheit.
2. Press DOTS 3-6, DOTS 2-3, DOTS 2-6 and DOT 8. (Answer = -13 degrees Fahrenheit)
3. Next, go back into the Conversions submenu and press DOT 8 on Wind Chill. The edit window now has wc(-13).
4. Press RIGHT ARROW once to move inside the parentheses and press DOT 6, DOT 2, DOTS 3-5-6, DOT 8. (Wind Chill = -37.2555 degrees Fahrenheit)

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Statistical Example

Statistical Question: Find the average, standard deviation and sum from the following data. Data Set (6,8,9,10,2)

1. Type a v g ( 6,8,9,10,2 ) and press DOT 8. Or press F2, F, DOT 8. With the Functions Menu opened move to the Stat submenu and press DOT 8. Press DOT 8 again on Avg. Now type 6,8,9,10,2 and press DOT 8. (Answer = 7)
2. Use the UP ARROW and DOTS 1-3-7 CHORD, E CHORD, C to move, select and copy (6,8,9,10,2). Press the DOWN ARROW once and BACKSPACE (DOT 7) over the 7, then paste the selected text. Move to the beginning of the line with DOT 3+LEFT ARROW and type s t d d e v. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = 2.82843)
3. Clear the current line, 2.82843, with 0 CHORD. Press E CHORD, P and DOT 3+LEFT ARROW to paste the selected text that is still on the clipboard and move to the beginning of the line. Type s u m and press DOT 8. (Answer = 35)

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Financial Examples

Financial Question: Your financial advisor is recommending that you invest $5000.00 in a particular fund for 10 years. He says that the annual rate of return is 7.18%. In order to make an informed decision, you need to find out how much your money would be worth in 10 years.

To solve this problem you need to have some knowledge of the relationship between the rate of interest (r), time (t), the present value (pv) and the future value (fv) of the dollar. The relationship is as follows:

fv=pv*(1+r/n)^nt

pv = 5000 r = 0.0718 n = 1 t = 10 years fv = ?

To help with the concept, open Notes and take the variables above and plug them into the formula: fv = 5000*(1+.0718/1)^(1)(10). You can solve this problem using the order of operations or you can use the financial functions in FSCalc.

Using the order of operations:

1. Solve 1+.0718 first.
2. Press F2, F, DOT 8 to open the Functions Menu. From the Trig Menu select and press DOT 8 on Pwr.
3. The edit window now reflects the following: pwr(1.0718). Because the cursor is outside the parentheses, you need to press the RIGHT ARROW once and finish the function by pressing DOT 6, DOT 2, DOTS 3-5-6, DOT 8. (Answer = 2.0005)
4. Last, solve for fv by multiplying the future value factor, (1+r/n)^nt = 2.0005, and the present value = $5000.00. (Answer = $10,000)

Using FSCalc:

Note: When using the financial functions of FSCalc, you must list your known variables in the following order: fv(r,n,t,pv), pv(r,n,t,fv), pmt(r,n,t,pv), loan(r,n,t,pmt), install(r,n,t,pv)and rate(n,pv,fv).
Where:
pv = the present value or initial value
fv = the future value
r = the annual interest rate
t = time
n = number of compound periods in a year

1. First clear the history with SH CHORD, H.
2. Press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu, open the financial submenu and press DOT 8 on fv.
3. The edit window now has fv(). Inside the parentheses, type .0718,1,10,5000. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = $10,0002.5)

Financial Question: You are interested in buying a home. You want to know what your monthly payment will be if you take a 15 year bank note for $120,000 at rate of 4.75% compounded monthly.

Using Notes, list out your known variables.

pmt = ? r = .0475 n = 12 t = 15 pv = 120,000

1. Press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu, open the financial submenu and press DOT 8 on payment.
2. The edit window now has pmt(). Inside the parentheses, type .0475,12,15,120000. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = $933.52)

Financial Question: You are concerned about your retirement. You want to know how much you have to invest today in order to accumulate $1 million dollars by the time you are ready to retire. You have found an annuity that is paying 10% return compounded monthly. You figure that you will retire in about 35 years.

Using Notes, list out your known variables.

fv = $1 million r = 0.10 n = 12 t = 35 years pv = ?

1. Press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu, open the financial submenu and press DOT 8 on pv.
2. The edit window now has pv(). Inside the parentheses, type .10,12,35,1000000. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = $30,637.25)

In the above question, how much money do you have to deposit each month if the annuity is compounded bi monthly?

In Notes reevaluate your variables. The rate is reconfigured because it is compounded bi monthly. If the rate is compounded quarterly you would use 4.

fv = $1 million pv = $30,637.25 r = .10 n = 24 t = 35

1. Press 0 CHORD to clear the line and then press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu, open the financial submenu and press DOT 8 on installment.
2. The edit window now has install(). Inside the parentheses, type .10,24,35,1000000. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = $130.72)

Financial Question: You need to take out a 5 year loan for some small home improvements. According to your budget you can afford to spend $50.00 monthly to pay back the loan. Bank rates on a 5 year loan are 6% compounded monthly. Given these parameters how much money can you borrow?

Using Notes, list out your known variables.

loan = ? r = .06 n = 12 t = 5 pmt = 50

1. Press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu, open the financial submenu and press DOT 8 on loan.
2. The edit window now has loan(). Inside the parentheses, type .06,12,5,50. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = $2586.28)

Financial Question: You receive quarterly statements from your mutual fund company on your IRA. As you watch your fund's performance you wonder what the rate of return is on your IRA. Your initial investment two years ago was $2000.00 and your most recent statement shows a balance of $3829.52. The IRA is compounded daily.

Using Notes, list out your known variables.

rate = ? pv = $2000 fv = $3829.52 n = 365

1. Press F2, F, DOT 8. From the Functions Menu, open the financial submenu and press DOT 8 on rate.
2. The edit window now has rate(). Inside the parentheses, type 365,2000,3829.52. When you are done press DOT 8. (Answer = .00178 x 100 = .178%)

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Operator and Function Tables

The following tables describe the following FSCalc functions:

• Operators
• General Functions - Display
• General Functions - Memory
• Trigonometric Functions
• Hyperbolic Functions
• Math Functions
• Statistical Functions
• Base Conversion Functions
• Conversion Functions
• Financial Functions

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Operators

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General Functions - Display

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General Functions - Memory

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Trigonometric Functions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example One	Example Two	Example Three
raddeg()	Toggle Rad/Degrees	Toggles from radians to degrees. Hot key = SH CHORD, R.	Press SH CHORD, R to toggle the input type to radians. Then type sin(pi), and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.	Type acos(4/5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 0.643501 radians.	Press SH CHORD, R to toggle the output to degrees. Type acos(4/5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 36.86898 degrees.
acos(n)	ArcCosine	Calculates the arccosine of variable 'n'.	Make sure the output type is set to degrees. Type angle1=acos(4/5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 36.869898.	Type angle2=acos(3/5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 53.130102.	Now type angle1+angle 2 and press DOT 8. The answer is 90.
asin(n)	ArcSine	Calculates the arcsine of variable 'n'.	Make sure the output type is set to degrees. Type angle1=asin(3/5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 36.869898.	Type angle2=asin(4/5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 53.130102.	Now type angle1+angle 2 and press DOT 8. The answer is 90.
atan(n)	ArcTangent	Calculates the arctangent of variable 'n'.	Make sure the output type is set to degrees. Type angle1=atan(3/4), then press DOT 8. The answer is 36.869898.	Type angle2=atan(4/3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 53.130102.	Now type angle1+angle 2 and press DOT 8. The answer is 90.
atan2(x,y)	Atan2	Calculates the arctangent of x/y.	Make sure the output type is set to degrees. Type angle1=atan2(3,4), then press DOT 8. The answer is 36.869898.	Type angle2=atan2(4,3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 53.130102.	Now type angle1+angle 2 and press DOT 8. The answer is 90.
cos(n)	Cosine	Calculates the cosine of 'n'.	Toggle the input to radians. Type cos(pi/4), and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.707107.	Toggle the input to degrees. Type cos(45), and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.707107.	Type cos(90) and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.
cot(n)	Cotangent	Calculates the cotangent of 'n'.	Toggle the input to radians. Type cot(pi/4), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Toggle the input to degrees. Type cot(45), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type cot(90) and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.
deg2rad(n)	Degrees to Radians	Converts the variable 'n' from degrees to radians.	Type deg2rad(45) and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.785398.	Type deg2rad(90) and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.570796.	Type deg2rad(180) and press DOT 8. The answer is 3.141593.
rad2deg(n)	Radians Degrees	Converts the variable 'n' from radians to degrees.	Type rad2deg(pi/4) and press DOT 8. The answer is 45.	Type rad2deg(pi/2) and press DOT 8. The answer is 90.	Type rad2deg(pi) and press DOT 8. The answer is 180.
sin(n)	Sine	Calculates the sine of 'n'.	Toggle the input to radians. Type sin(pi/4), and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.707107.	Toggle the input to degrees. Type sin(45), and press DOT 8. The answer is 0.707107.	Type sin(90) and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.
tan(n)	Tangent	Calculates the tangent of 'n'.	Toggle the input to radians. Type tan(pi/4), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Toggle the input to degrees. Type tan(45), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type tan(90) and press DOT 8. The answer is undefined.

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Hyperbolic Functions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example One	Example Two	Example Three
cosh(n)	HyperbolicCosine	Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of 'n'.	Type cosh(0), then press DOT 8. the answer is 1.	Type cosh(10), and press DOT 8. The ansewr is 11013.23292.	Type cosh(5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 74.209949.
sinh(n)	HyperbolicSine	Calculates the hyperbolic sine of 'n'.	Type sinh(0), then press DOT 8. the answer is 0.	Type sinh(10), and press DOT 8. The ansewr is 11013.232875.	Type sinh(5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 74.203211.
tanh(n)	HyperbolicTangent	Calculates the hyperbolic tangent of 'n'.	Type tanh(0), then press DOT 8. the answer is 0.	Type tanh(10), and press DOT 8. The ansewr is 1.	Type tanh(5), then press DOT 8. The answer is .999909.

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Math Functions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example One	Example Two	Example Three
fabs(n)	Abs	Finds the absolute value of 'n'.	Type fabs(-14.14), then press DOT 8. The answer is 14.14.	Type fabs(14), then press DOT 8. The answer is 14.	Type fabs(-1114), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1114.
avg(n1, ..., nx)	Avg	Finds the average of n1 through nx.	Type avg(1,2,3), then press DOT 8. the answer is 2.	Type avg(3,2,1,1,2,3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.	Type avg(14,14,14), then press DOT 8. The answer is 14.
div(n1,n2)	Div	Performs whole number division on n1/n2.	Type div(3,4), then press DOT 8. the answer is 0.	Type div(5,4), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	type div(10,4), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.
exp(n)	Exp	Calculates e to the n power.	type exp(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.71282.	Type exp(2), then press DOT 8. The answer is 7.389056.	Type exp(3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 20.085537.
fact(n)	Factorial	Calculates the product of consecutive numbers starting with 'n'.	fact(5)=5*4*3*2*1 The ansewr is 120.	Type fact(6), then press DOT 8. The answer is 720.	Type fact(3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 6.
fmod(n1,n2)	Fmod	Calculates the floating point modulus of n1%n2.	Type fmod(13,2), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type fmod(13.1,2), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.1.	Type fmod(14.14,7), then press DOT 8. The answer is 0.14.
log(n)	NaturalLog	Calculates the natural logarithm of 'n'.	Type log(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 0.	Type log(.01), then press DOT 8. The answer is -4.65107.	Type log(100), then press DOT 8. The answer is 4.65107.
log10(n)	Log10	Calculates the base 10 log of 'n'.	Type log10(10), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type log10(1000), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.	Type log10(100000000), then press DOT 8. The answer is 8.
pwr(n1,n2)	Pwr	Calculates n1 to the power of n2.	Type pwr(2,3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 8.	Type pwr(3,2), then press DOT 8. The answer is 9.	Type pwr(16,2), then press DOT 8. The answer is 256.
myRand()	Random	Generates a number between 0 and 1.	Type myrand(), then press DOT 8. A random number between 0 and 1 will be displayed.
recip(n)	Recip	Computes the reciprocal of 'n'.	Type recip(2) and press DOT 8. The answer is .5.	Type recip(5) and press DOT 8. The answer is .2.	Type recip(10) and press DOT 8. The answer is .1.
root(n1,n2)	Root	Computes the n2 root of n1.	Type root(8,3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.	Type root(16,2), then press DOT 8. The answer is 4.	Type root(24,3), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.884499.
round(n)	Round	Rounds 'n' off to the nearest whole number.	Type round(1.732501), and press DOT 8. The answer is 2.	Type round(1.49999), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type round(.9), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.
sqrt(n)	Sqrt	Computes the square root of 'n'.	Type sqrt(16), then press DOT 8. The answer is 4.	Type sqrt(4), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.	Type sqrt(256), then press DOT 8. The answer is 16.
trunc(n)	Trunc	Truncates 'n' down to the next integer.	Type trunc(1.732501), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type trunc(1.49999), and press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type trunc(.9), then press DOT 8. The answer is 0.

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Statistical Functions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example One	Example Two	Example Three
avg(n1, ..., nx)	Avg	Calculates the average of n1 through nx.	Type avg(1,2,3,4,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.	Type avg(2,4,3,1,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.	Type avg(-100,-10,1,3,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is -20.2.
max(n1, ..., nx)	Max	Calculates the maximum value of n1 through nx.	Type max(1,2,3,4,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 5.	Type max(2,4,3,1,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 5.	Type max(-100,-10,1,3,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 5.
median(n1, ..., nx)	Median	Calculates the median value of n1 through nx.	Type median(1,2,3,4,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.	Type median(2,4,3,1,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.	Type median(-100,-10,1,3,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.
min(n1, ..., nx)	Min	Calculates the minimum value of n1 through nx.	Type min(1,2,3,4,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type min(2,4,3,1,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.	Type min(-100,-10,1,3,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is -100.
stddev(n1, ..., nx)	Std Deviation	Calculates the standard deviation of n1 through nx.	Type stddev(1,2,3,4,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.414214.	Type stddev(2,4,3,1,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.414214.	Type stddev(-100,-10,1,3,5), then press DOT 8.The answer is 40.236302.
sum(n1, ..., nx)	Sum	Calculates the sum of n1 through nx.	Type sum(1,2,3,4,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 15.	Type sum(2,4,3,1,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is 15.	Type sum(-100,-10,1,3,5), then press DOT 8. The answer is -101.

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Base Conversions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example One	Example Two	Example Three
d2h(n)	Dec to Hex	Converts 'n' from decimal to hexadecimal.	Type d2h(14), then press DOT 8. The answer is 'E'.	Type d2h(255), then press DOT 8. the answer is 'FF'.	Type d2h(256), then press DOT 8. The answer is 100.
d2o(n)	Dec to Oct	Converts 'n' from decimal to octal.	Type d2o(14), then press DOT 8. The answer is ''16.	Type d2o(255), then press DOT 8. the answer is 377.	Type d2o(256), then press DOT 8. The answer is 400.
d2b(n)	Dec to Bin	Converts 'n' from decimal to binary.	Type d2b(14), then press DOT 8. The answer is ''1110.	Type d2b(255), then press DOT 8. the answer is 11111111.	Type d2b(256), then press DOT 8. The answer is 100000000.
h2d(n)	Hex to Dec	Converts 'n' from hexadecimal to decimal.	Type h2d(14), then press DOT 8. The answer is ''20.	Type h2d(255), then press DOT 8. the answer is 597.	Type h2d(1ab), then press DOT 8. The answer is 427.
o2d(n)	Oct to Dec	Converts 'n' from octal to decimal.	Type o2d(14), then press DOT 8. The answer is ''12.	Type o2d(255), then press DOT 8. the answer is 173.	Type o2d(1234), then press DOT 8. The answer is 668.
b2d(n)	Bin to Dec	Converts 'n' from binary to decimal.	Type b2d(1111), then press DOT 8. The answer is ''15.	Type b2d(1010101), then press DOT 8. the answer is 85.	Type b2d(100100100), then press DOT 8. The answer is 292.

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Conversion Functions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example
cel2fahr(n)	Cels to Fahr	Converts temperature 'n' from Celsius to fahrenheit.	Type cel2fahr(22), then press DOT 8. The answer is 71.6.
fahr2cel(n)	Fahr to Cels	Converts temperature 'n' from Fahrenheit to celsius.	Type fahr2cel(71.6), then press DOT 8. The answer is 22.
cm2in(n)	Cms	converts 'n' from Centimeters to inches.	Type cm2in(2.538071), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.
in2cm(n)	Inches	Converts 'n' from inches to centimeters.	Type in2cm(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 2.538071.
m2ft(n)	Meter to Feet	Converts 'n' from meters to feet.	Type m2ft(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.28.
ft2m(n)	Feet to Meter	Converts 'n' from feet to meters.	Type ft2m(3.28), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.
m2yd(n)	Meters to Yards	converts 'n' from meters to yards.	Type m2yd(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 1.096313.
yd2m(n)	Yards to Meters	Converts 'n' from yards to meters.	Type yd2m(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 0.9144.
km2miles(n)	Kms to Miles	Converts 'n' from kilometers to miles.	Type km2miles(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is .621.
miles2km(n)	Mile to Kms	Converts 'n' from miles to kilometers.	Type miles2km(55), then press DOT 8. The answer is 88.495.
gal2lt(n)	Gal to Ltr	converts 'n' from gallons to liters.	Type gal2lt(1), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.785.
lt2gal(n)	Ltr to Gal	Converts 'n' from liters to gallons.	Type lt2gal(2), then press DOT 8. The answer is .528.
lb2kg(n)	Lbs to Kgm	Converts 'n' from pounds to kilograms.	Type lb2kg(100), then press DOT 8. The answer is 45.4.
kg2lb(n)	Kgm to Lbs	Converts 'n' from kilograms to pounds.	Type kg2lb(50), then press DOT 8. the answer is 110.132159.
oz2gm(n)	Ounce to Gram	Converts 'n' from ounces to grams.	Type oz2gm(1), then press DOT 8. the answer is 28.35.
gm2oz(n)	Gram to Ounce	Converts 'n' from grams to ounces.	type gm2oz(100), then press DOT 8. The answer is 3.57.
wc(n1, n2)	Wind Chill	Calculates the wind chill factor when n1 equals the temperature in fahrenheit and n2 equals the wind speed in miles per hour.	Type wc(32,5), then press DOT 8. The answre is 28.89.

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Financial Functions

Function	Menu Function	Description	Example
PV (r, n, t, FV)	Present Value	Calculates the present value of dollars. There are 4 variables: 'r' is the annual interest rate, 'n' is the number of compound periods in a year, 't' is the number of years, and 'fv' is the future value of the dollar.	Determine the present value of an investment that is expected to yield 10,000 dollars. The interest rate is 5 percent, compounded monthly over 10 years. Type pv(.05,12,10,10000), then press DOT 8. The answer is 6071.61 dollars.
FV (r, n, t, PV)	Future Value	Calculates the future value of dollars. There are 4 variables: 'r' is the annual interest rate, 'n' is the number of compound periods in a year, 't' is the number of years, and 'pv' is the present value of the dollar.	Calculate the future value of 6,000 dollars invested at 5 percent, compounded monthly over 10 years. Type fv(.05,12,10,6000), then press DOT 8. The ansewr is 9882.06 dollars.
PMT (r, n, t, PV)	Payment	Calculates the payment required to pay back a loan at a specific interest rate. There are 4 variables: 'r' is the annual interest rate, 'n' is the number of compound periods in a year, 't' is the number of years, and 'pv' is the amount of dollars borrowed.	Calculate the payment required to borrow 10,000 dollars at 5 percent compounded monthly for 10 years. Type pmt(.05,12,10,10000), then press DOT 8. The answer is 106.07 dollars.
LOAN (r, n, t, PMT)	Loan	Calculates the amount you can borrow using a fixed payment and interest rate. There are 4 variables: 'r' is the annual interest rate, 'n' is the number of compound periods in a year, 't' is the number of years, and 'pmt' is the payment amount.	Calculate how much you could borrow for a 10 year loan at 6% interest and a monthly payment of 500 dollars. Type loan(.06,12,10,500), then press DOT 8. The answer is 45036.73 dollars.
INSTALL (r, n, t, FV)	Installment	Calculates how many dollars you need to put away to end up with a future value, invested at a specific interest rate. There are 4 variables: 'r' is the annual interest rate, 'n' is the number of compound periods in a year, 't' is the number of years, and 'fv' is the expected future value of the account.	If you want to retire with 1 million dollars in 25 years, and your bank offers 3.5 percent interest compounded monthly: Type install(.035, 12, 25, 1000000), then press DOT 8. the amount you'd need to put away each month is 2089.57 dollars.
RATE (n, PV, FV)	Rate	Calculates the rate of return on a one year investment. There are 3 variables: 'n' is the number of compounds in 1 year, 'pv' is the present value of the investment, 'fv' is the expected future value of the investment.	You borrow 100 dollars from a friend. The friend says you need to pay him 120 dollars at the end of the year. What is the interest rate your friend is charging to loan you 100 dollars for one year? type rate(1, 100, 120), then press DOT 8. the answer is 20 percent.

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